UNIT 2. RELATION CAUSE AND EFFECT. CONTRAST EXPRESSIONS.CONJUCTIONS AND ADVERBIAL CLAUSES.

2.1. "WHY"- "BECAUSE". "SO THAT" and "SO AS TO".

Clausulas Adverbiales: Es una clausula que funciona como un adverbio en otras palabras esta contiene un sujeto (Explicito o  implícito) y un predicado que modifica al verbo.

 Example: I saw Joe When I went to the store.

Hay diferentes tipos de clausulas adverbiales. Estudiaremos las siguientes.

Clausula de Razón: Son usadas para indicar la razón de algo. Ellas son: why, because, since as, given...

Example: I couldn´t feel anger against him because I liked.

a. - Why: Este es usado como un pronombre relativo después de la palabra  "reason" en inglés informal. En algunos casos se usa "that" en vez de "Why"

Examples: Sandra didn´t go to school today, she felt bad reason why she keeps on her bed.

              - Andrew asked the reason why you lie about it.

b. - Because: Es usado para dar una razón primaria importante, una principal o razón mayor para una particular razón. Esta es usada para comenzar un clausula y para indicar.

Examples: I didn´t go out because I was feeling awful.

  • - Because there is poor childhood education, there is illiteracy

Clausula de propósito y Resultado. Estas  clausulas son usadas para indicar el propósito o el resultado de una acción. Ellas son: In order to, so that, in order that, so as to...

Example: They had to take some of his land so that they could extend.

a.- So that, So as to: Estas son usadas para indicar el resultado de algo. Significa "in order to". "So that" es seguida de un pronombre o persona. "So as to" es seguida de una acción (verbo)

Examples: I am saving money so that I can buy a bicycle.

               -I hurried so as to be on time.

2.2. CONTRAST EXPRESSIONS:  HOWEVER".

However Es usada para expresar contraste o contraposición. Es un adverbio conjuntivo y también es usado para crear relación complete entre las ideas e introducir algunas formas de contrastes y excepción.

Examples: It was cold. However, I still went swimming.

  • - Paul decided to go to china. Steve However went to Japan.

BUT: Conjunción  coordinada, es una de las llamadas conjunciones pequeñas usadas para conectar dos clausulas independientes y también para sugerir un contraste que es inesperado en luz de la primera clausula.

Example:       - Joey lost a fortune in the stock market, but he still seems able to live quite comfortably.

También se usa para sugerir en un sentido afirmativo que en la primera parte de la oración se implico en una manera negativa

                        Example:-The club never invested foolishly, but used the services of the investment counselor.

Para conectar dos ideas con el significado de "con la excepción de" y entonces la segunda palabra se saca como un sujeto.

Example: Everybody but golden breath is trying out for the team.

Though. Conjunción Subordinada, es una clausula adverbial usada para hacer oposición e indicar diferencia. Esta es usada generalmente en el medio o al final de la oración.

Examples:      -His father gave her a cat, thought she doesn´t like them.

  • - He is very fat even though he does a lot exercise.

In spite of: Podemos usar (in spite of) + --ing con similar significado que  although (es usado al principio de la oracion.)

Examples:      - In spite of playing with 10 men, we won the game easily.

Puede ser usado también seguido por un sustantivo: Note que "Despite" es frecuentemente usado en vez de "In spite of", particularmente en Inglés escrito.

"Despite" y "In spite of" nunca están seguidos de un clausula con un verbo finito (No crea limite).

Example: No puedes decir: Despite/ In spite of she fell midway through the race...

Sin embargo, Puedes usar una clausula con verbo finito después del hecho que (the fact that)

Example: Despite/ In spite of the fact that she fell midway through the race, she won.

Unless: Conjunción: si no; excepto si. "Unless" es usada en oraciones condicionales con el significado si....no (If....... Not)

Examples:      There´s no chance of you getting the job unless you apply (or ---If you don´t apply)

            -You can´t travel on this train unless you have a reservation. (Or... if you don´t have)

Con "Unless" podemos usar tiempos en presente cuando hablmos acerca de futuro.

Examples: Unless it rains. I´ll pick you up at 6: 00 (Not unless it´ll rain)

Exercises.

Complete the blanks using: Why-Because, so as to, so that, however, but, though, in spite of, unless.

1. - Carmen wanted to study psychology_____________ help many people.

2. - Eliza and Susan can´t travel to New York on Christmas to visit their parents reason ________ they will come.

3.-I don´t feel very well_______I have to work.

4. - Gregory read aloud the speech_________ I didn't listen.

5. - _________ everything looked different, I had no idea where to go.

6. - The agronomists study the different way to make soils more productive reason_______ they need to classify them.

7.-_______________everything looked different I had no idea where to go.

8. - They are listening to their father_________ learn a lot.

9.-She got up early___________be able to finish her homework.

10.-The agronomy students are going to study biochemistry________They don´t study.

Complete the ideas.

       -Nairobys had many opportunities, but.....

       -The bath was relaxing, but...

       -They aren´t going to get good grades in this test unless...

       - She wants to go to New York however...

       - She won an excellent prize though...

       -Raul studied so hard reason why....

       - I can´t learn it unless......